Two major ideas dominated interpretations of Brazil after its political independence in 1822: “nationhood” and “civilization.” 2 The concept of nationhood implied the desire to integrate a diverse country geographically, racially, and culturally. I add to the analysis of this theme, focusing on the Brazilian experience. ![]() 1Īmong recent contributions to this historiography have been studies of the intellectual role of medical doctors, with their elaboration of ideas about the problems in their own societies and possible alternatives for overcoming them. The creation of specialized scientific journals and graduate courses and the inclusion of medical and health-related topics in the syllabi of research programs on Latin American social and cultural history are other indicators of the progressive consolidation of this field of study. ![]() Along with native historians and social scientists, American and European researchers have also contributed to this research. ![]() SINCE THE 1980S, THERE HAS been a proliferation of studies on the history of health and medicine in Brazil and other Latin American and Caribbean countries.
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